Corruption during the construction

Corruption during the construction
Bribery does not end with the defeat of the competition. After signing the contract there are many actions that may have significant financial impact on the bidders and, therefore, may be given bribes:
First Agreement on contract changes. Very rarely, the contract is performed exactly the same form as was initially agreed. It may be necessary to design or construction methods change due to errors in the initial project, there are circumstances (such as soil conditions are unknown) or the customer's decision to change the conditions of initiation of the project. Design or method changes are reflected in the contract variations or changes in orders. Simple cost as part of the agreed works can be done without the need to, you may need to order new things or require additional labor or materials. Therefore, the changes allow bribery between the contractor and the client's representative or an architect or engineer responsible for the modification and its expenditure. Large infrastructure projects can have thousands of changes in prices can range from several hundred to several million dollars. Cost impact is felt not only at the level of the main contract. The award of the complex structure of large construction projects and the impact of changes in costs should be agreed between all relevant actors, which represents an enormous opportunity for bribery.
Second Deferred hiding bribes. The amendments allow concealed shelved bribes. The contractor may win the competition, submitting the lowest bid for a bribe, and excluding the contract price, but secretly in agreement with a customer representative at a later stage will be agreed by a large change of the contract, including the bribe. Hold a bribe to award the contractor can be an effective means of evasion, since the changes to not organize competitions and they attract less public attention than the competition. Therefore, any change in price and a bribe concealed in it can be very important.
Third Project delays. Very often a delay in the execution of projects due to unfavorable weather conditions, changes in the contract, subcontractors fault or defective materials. Costs of delay can be significant. If the delay is due to the fault of the contractor, the client is entitled to claim from the contractor damages. If the delay is due to the fault of the customer, the contractor may be entitled to claim from the customer for additional costs due to delays in the work and termination pay. Therefore, the person responsible for the agreement on the time and cost of delay is violated bribery against these consequences can be felt in the entire contract period and a lot of opportunities for bribery.
4th Hiding non-standard work. Construction quality is very important to the project. Since a large part of the work and materials are hidden during the project, it may be difficult or expensive to verify the work done badly or poor quality of materials, the work is hidden. Therefore, the inspectors must be approved by the course of their work. These controllers can also receive proposals for bribes that parvirtintų work carried out by a defective or omitted work. The shortcomings can be overlooked for many years.
Some examples of the contractor gives a bribe to the architect or client representative, but are not limited otherwise. Customer can bribe the architect that this incorrectly certified that the contractor delayed the project and therefore the customer should be entitled to deduct from payments due the contractor damages. Customer can bribe the project engineer certified that the wrong that has been carried out by the contractor of a defective and thus acquired the right to withhold payment.
Dispute resolution process is also vulnerable. Bribes may be given to the witnesses that they provide false testimony, experts may be paid for the false "independent" reporting by the judges or arbitrators may be bribed to take a favorable decision. Construction disputes can be very complex. It may be difficult to prove that the witnesses, expert opinions and the judges were unfairly affected. Bribes to witnesses or experts may be money or the promise of a new job or further continuation of the employment relationship